Fitchburg State University
Acceptance rate
86.9%
2025
Peer median 85.8%
Out-of-state tuition
$17,426
In-state $11,346
Peer median $18,658
Undergraduates
3,027
Student-faculty ratio 11:1
Peer median 16 : 1
Graduation rate
39.9%
4-year; 6-year rate 56.4%
Peer median 29.5%
“Peers” are all 238 public master's colleges and universities in the U.S. (by Carnegie Classification).
About
Fitchburg State University, located in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, is a vibrant institution known for its commitment to providing high-quality education and fostering a supportive community for students. Established in 1894, the university has a rich history and offers a diverse array of undergraduate and graduate programs, particularly excelling in fields such as education, business, and the arts. With an emphasis on experiential learning, Fitchburg State encourages students to engage in hands-on projects, internships, and community service, which enhance their academic experience and prepare them for the workforce.
The campus environment at Fitchburg State is characterized by a strong sense of community and inclusivity. With a student population representing various backgrounds, the university promotes a culture of respect and collaboration among its members. The campus features modern facilities, including state-of-the-art classrooms, laboratories, and recreational centers, which support both academic and extracurricular activities. Additionally, Fitchburg State's commitment to student life is evident through numerous clubs, organizations, and athletic programs, allowing students to explore their interests and develop leadership skills. The university’s motto, "A Tradition of Excellence," reflects its dedication to fostering student success and preparing graduates to make meaningful contributions to society.
Analysis of Key Metrics at Fitchburg State University
Fitchburg State University has witnessed several notable changes in its key metrics over the years, particularly in tuition costs, graduation rates, and student retention.
Firstly, the tuition for in-state undergraduate students has steadily increased, rising from $8,985 in 2014 to $10,921 in 2023, which represents a 21.5% increase over this period. Similarly, out-of-state tuition has also increased significantly, from $15,065 to $17,001. This trend reflects the broader national pattern of rising tuition costs, which can be a significant burden for students and their families.
In terms of academic success, the university has shown improvements in its graduation rates. The on-time graduation rate for undergraduates increased from approximately 21.5% in 2013 to 38.3% in 2023. This upward trend is promising and suggests that the university is likely enhancing its academic support systems or student engagement strategies, which could contribute to a more successful educational experience.
Retention rates have also fluctuated, with a peak of 78.1% in 2014 and a decline to 67.9% in 2022, before slightly recovering to 72.1% in 2023. This indicates challenges in keeping students enrolled, possibly due to financial pressures or other factors affecting student satisfaction and engagement.
Finally, the student-to-faculty ratio has shown a gradual decline from 16:1 in 2013 to 12:1 in 2023, which could enhance the quality of education by allowing for more personalized attention and support for students.
Overall, while Fitchburg State University faces challenges related to rising tuition and retention, the improvements in graduation rates and student-to-faculty ratios point toward a commitment to enhancing the educational experience for its students.
This collegeRanked colleges nearby
- Setting
- Suburb of a midsize city
- Nearest major city
- Worcester, about 20 mi
- Nearest international airport
- Boston Logan International Airport (BOS), about 45 mi
- Also known as
- Fitchburg State
- Academic calendar
- Semester
- Religious affiliation
- Not applicable
- President
- Dr. Donna Hodge (President)
- Phone
- 9786653000
- City
- Fitchburg, Massachusetts
- Address
- 160 Pearl St, Fitchburg, MA 01420-2697
Rankings & Admission
Peer median 85.8% · all 238 public master's colleges and universities in the U.S.
Acceptance rate by gender, 2025
In 2020: men 84.0%, women 91.1%.
Data insights
Analysis of Admission Trends at Fitchburg State University
The admission statistics for Fitchburg State University over the years reveal significant trends in acceptance rates and enrollment numbers. From 2009 to 2023, the acceptance rate for male applicants started at approximately 62.7% and peaked at around 84.1% in 2019, before slightly declining to about 80.3% in 2023. Meanwhile, the acceptance rate for female applicants shows a similar trend, starting at approximately 68.3% and reaching a high of 91.1% in 2020.
The enrollment numbers have experienced fluctuations as well, with a notable increase in total enrollment, reaching a peak of 789 students in 2016, followed by a decrease to 486 in 2023. Interestingly, the number of denied applicants has also varied over the years, illustrating the competitive nature of admissions despite the rising acceptance rates.
The increasing acceptance rates, particularly for female applicants, may reflect broader societal trends towards inclusivity in higher education. However, the decline in enrollment figures in recent years could indicate shifting demographics or changing perceptions of the institution's value, particularly in a post-pandemic landscape where many students are reconsidering their college choices.
Overall, the data suggests a university adapting to changing educational landscapes while attempting to maintain a diverse student body. The challenge remains to balance acceptance rates with maintaining academic standards and ensuring that enrolled students find value in their education at Fitchburg State University.
School and Program Rankings
U.S. News school and program rankings · Click a school to see its programs, and a program for its full ranking
Ranks in blue are top 10 · ▲▼ change from the previous edition · “—” means no overall ranking for that school · Medical schools are ranked in tiers since the 2025 edition
Test Scores
2025 admitted students, 25th–75th percentile · 12% submitted SAT, 1% submitted ACT · SAT/ACT optional: considered if submitted
Data insights
Trends in Standardized Test Scores at Fitchburg State University
The data from Fitchburg State University reveals significant trends in standardized test scores over the years, particularly in SAT submissions. From 2007 to 2023, the number of SAT submissions peaked in 2011 and has seen a notable decline in recent years, reaching only 24% of admitted students in 2023. This drop coincides with a broader national trend where many colleges are moving towards test-optional policies, reflecting a shift in admissions strategies that prioritize a more holistic review of applicants.
The scores themselves also exhibit fluctuations. The 25th percentile for SAT reading and math scores has generally remained stable, with a slight increase in the higher range over the years, indicating that while fewer students are submitting scores, those who do tend to perform better on average. For instance, the 25th percentile for SAT reading rose from 460 in 2007 to 510 in 2023, suggesting a gradual rise in the academic preparedness of applicants who choose to submit their scores.
Moreover, the data shows that the percentage of students submitting ACT scores is consistently lower compared to SAT submissions, with a peak of only 18% in 2022. This aligns with the growing trend of students opting to take the SAT over the ACT, influenced by regional preferences and institutional policies.
As Fitchburg State University navigates these changes, it remains crucial for the institution to adapt its admission strategies to reflect the evolving landscape of standardized testing. This could involve emphasizing other aspects of student applications, such as extracurricular activities, personal statements, and high school performance. Overall, the evolving data indicates a transformative period in college admissions that could reshape the future of higher education.
How Hard Is It to Get In
about 9 in 10
4,582 applicants in 2025, 86.9% admitted
3,983 admitted 599 not admitted Yield 13.5%
Degrees & Majors
Graduates in 2025 (first major)
U.S. studentsInternational
Popular graduate programs
- Business Administration and Management, General · Master's329 (3% international)
- Curriculum and Instruction · Master's165 (0% international)
- Computer Science · Master's90 (88% international)
- Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration, General · Master's86 (3% international)
- Special Education and Teaching, General · Master's77 (0% international)
- Educational Leadership and Administration, General · Master's67 (0% international)
Data insights
Analysis of Graduation Data from Fitchburg State University
The graduation data from Fitchburg State University for 2023 reveals some noteworthy trends, particularly in the fields of business, health sciences, and education. Notably, the Business Administration and Management program stands out with a significant number of master's degree graduates, totaling 342, indicating a strong demand for advanced skills in the business sector. This aligns with the increasing emphasis on higher education and specialized training in a competitive job market.
In the healthcare domain, the Registered Nursing program produced 150 bachelor's degree graduates, showcasing the ongoing need for qualified healthcare professionals. As the healthcare industry continues to expand, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, this trend is expected to persist, further highlighting the importance of nursing education.
Interestingly, the education programs appear to have a low output in terms of bachelor’s degrees, with no graduates reported in various areas such as Curriculum and Instruction and Biology Teacher Education. This raises concerns about the future of the teaching workforce, especially as many states face teacher shortages. The absence of graduates in these fields may indicate a need for increased recruitment efforts and program support to attract students into education.
Furthermore, the data reveals that international students play a minimal role in the graduate numbers for most programs, particularly in business and nursing, where the percentages remain at 0%. This could reflect barriers faced by international students in accessing these programs, which may impact the diversity of the student body and the global perspective within these professions.
Overall, the graduation statistics from Fitchburg State University highlight critical areas of growth and concern, particularly in business and health sciences, while also emphasizing the need to address challenges in the education sector.
All majors, graduates and earnings IPEDS · College Scorecard
*Depends on whether majors have graduates in 2025 or not, Yes / No
**Move mouse on can check deitaled graudates number, click for major detailed information
***Due to privacy policy, graduate salaries are not shown for some majors that has few gradautes
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Business Administration and Management, General. | $48,087-$85,599 | ||
| Accounting. | - | ||
| Entrepreneurial and Small Business Operations, Other. | - | ||
| Finance, General. | - | ||
| Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration, General. | - | ||
| Management Information Systems and Services, Other. | - | ||
| Marketing/Marketing Management, General. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mental Health Counseling/Counselor. | $57,669 | ||
| Public Health, General. | - | ||
| Environmental Health. | - | ||
| Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse. | $85,322 | ||
| Nursing Practice. | $85,322 |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Computer and Information Sciences, General. | - | ||
| Computer Science. | $49,978 | ||
| Computer and Information Systems Security/Auditing/Information Assurance. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Design and Visual Communications, General. | $31,537 | ||
| Game and Interactive Media Design. | $31,537 | ||
| Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General. | - | ||
| Cinematography and Film/Video Production. | - | ||
| Photography. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Criminal Justice and Corrections, General. | $48,539 | ||
| Criminal Justice/Police Science. | $48,539 |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biology/Biological Sciences, General. | $52,241 | ||
| Exercise Physiology and Kinesiology. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychology, General. | $38,438 |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| History, General. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, General. | $45,043 | ||
| Behavioral Sciences. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial Technology/Technician. | $67,210 | ||
| Manufacturing Engineering Technology/Technician. | $67,210 | ||
| Engineering/Industrial Management. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economics, General. | - | ||
| Geography. | - | ||
| Political Science and Government, General. | - | ||
| Sociology, General. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sports, Kinesiology, and Physical Education/Fitness, General. | $43,879 | ||
| Sport and Fitness Administration/Management. | $43,879 |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| English Language and Literature, General. | $43,273 | ||
| Creative Writing. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Services, General. | $50,242 |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Communication, General. | $32,344 | ||
| Speech Communication and Rhetoric. | $32,344 |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chemistry, General. | - | ||
| Geology/Earth Science, General. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Architectural Technology/Technician. | - |
| Major | Graduate Salary | Under | Master |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mathematics, General. | - |
Students
5,892 students in 2025 · Undergraduate men to women 48:52 · Freshman retention 69.5%
- Continuing undergraduates 1,892
- First-year undergraduates 538
- Graduate students 2,865
- Transfers and others 597
Undergraduate race and ethnicity (3,027)
Age distribution
Bachelor's
Graduate students
Data insights
Analysis of Student Demographics at Fitchburg State University in 2023
The student demographic data from Fitchburg State University for 2023 reveals interesting insights into the composition of its student body. The total number of undergraduate freshmen stands at 486, with a gender distribution showing that 46.7% are male and 53.3% are female. This slightly higher percentage of female students is a trend observed in many universities across the United States, reflecting broader societal shifts in education.
In contrast, the undergraduate seniors represent a larger group of 2,136 students, with a similar gender distribution of 45.6% male and 54.4% female. This consistency in gender ratios highlights a stable environment for both male and female students throughout their academic journey at the university.
The transfer students, numbering 289, exhibit a more pronounced gender imbalance, with 39.8% being male and 60.2% female. This could indicate a growing preference among females for flexible educational pathways.
Interestingly, the graduate student population of 3,386 shows a significant gender disparity, with only 30.7% male and a substantial 69.3% female representation. This could be indicative of the increasing number of women pursuing advanced degrees, which aligns with national trends where women have been outpacing men in graduate school enrollment.
Overall, the data suggests that Fitchburg State University is fostering an inclusive environment, particularly for female students, as evidenced by the higher ratios in both undergraduate and graduate levels. This trend may also reflect ongoing societal efforts to empower women through education, leading to greater diversity and representation in higher education institutions.
Analysis of Age Composition at Fitchburg State University
The age distribution of students at Fitchburg State University reveals several interesting trends. The largest group of students falls within the age range of 18-21, with a notable concentration in the 20-21 category, where the total number of students (undergraduate and graduate) reaches 978. This suggests that the university effectively attracts traditional-aged students, aligning with national trends where many individuals enter higher education immediately after high school.
However, the data also highlight a significant presence of non-traditional students, particularly those aged 25-34. This group, particularly the graduate female students, shows a remarkable population of 528 individuals, indicating that the university is successfully catering to adult learners who may be balancing education with work and family responsibilities. The representation of graduate students also emphasizes a growing trend in higher education where adults pursue advanced degrees for career advancement.
On the other end of the spectrum, the over-65 demographic is notably small, with only six total students, reflecting a national trend where fewer older adults pursue higher education. This raises questions about how universities can better engage this age group, especially as lifelong learning becomes increasingly important in our rapidly changing job market.
Overall, Fitchburg State University showcases a diverse student body, effectively accommodating both traditional and non-traditional students, which is essential for fostering a rich educational environment that prepares all individuals for the workforce.
International Students
International share over the last 10 years · gray line: median of all 238 public master's colleges and universities in the U.S.
42 in 2025 · 0.5% in 2016
184 in 2025 · 2.3% in 2016
Data insights
Trends in International Student Enrollment at Fitchburg State University
The data from Fitchburg State University reveals notable trends in the enrollment of international students over nearly two decades. Initially, in 2004, the percentage of international undergraduates was a modest 0.75%, which fluctuated but generally remained low throughout the following years. A significant drop in enrollment percentages was seen in the late 2000s, with figures reaching as low as 0.17% in 2013. This decline may reflect broader national trends during that period, including stricter immigration policies and increased competition from other countries for international students.
However, the data shows a gradual recovery in the subsequent years, particularly in the postgraduate domain. By 2023, the share of international students in the graduate programs reached an impressive 7.24%, indicating a substantial increase in attractiveness for graduate studies at the university. The undergraduate international student percentage also improved to 0.63%, suggesting a potential rebound and growing interest in international education, possibly fueled by global events emphasizing the importance of diverse educational experiences.
The fluctuations in these numbers highlight the impact of external factors such as policy changes, economic conditions, and global events on student mobility. As universities worldwide compete for international talent, institutions like Fitchburg State University must adapt their strategies to attract and retain a diverse student population, which is increasingly recognized as vital for enriching the academic environment and promoting cross-cultural understanding. The increase in the number of international graduate students may represent a strategic focus on specific programs that resonate more with global students, which could be a model for future initiatives.
Cost
2025 cost per year (out-of-state)
$32,878
- Undergrad tuition (out-of-state)
- $17,426
- Undergraduate tuition (in-state)
- $11,346
- Room and board
- $15,452
- Graduate tuition
- $6,246
Peer median tuition + room and board $31,000 · all 238 public master's colleges and universities in the U.S.
Tuition rose 9% from 2016 to 2025; room and board rose 70%.
Finances · fiscal year 2024
Revenue$129M
Expenses$129M
Average faculty salary · 2025 (9-month equivalent)
Dark gray ticks: median pay for the same rank at all 238 public master's colleges and universities in the U.S.
Campus Life
Athletics and varsity athletes NCAA · Massachusetts State College Athletic Association
Massachusetts State College Athletic Association: football, basketball, baseball, cross country
| NCAA Division III with football | MEN | WOMEN |
|---|---|---|
| Football | 74 | - |
| Soccer | 32 | 23 |
| Track and Field (Indoor) | 34 | 14 |
| Track and Field (Outdoor) | 31 | 13 |
| Baseball | 37 | - |
| Cross Country | 23 | 13 |
| Basketball | 18 | 16 |
| Ice Hockey | 29 | - |
| Lacrosse | - | 27 |
| Field Hockey | - | 24 |
| Softball | - | 19 |
| Volleyball | - | 18 |
| NCAA Division III with football | MEN | WOMEN |
|---|---|---|
| Football | 62 | - |
| Soccer | 31 | 21 |
| Track and Field (Indoor) | 35 | 14 |
| Track and Field (Outdoor) | 28 | 13 |
| Baseball | 37 | - |
| Basketball | 18 | 13 |
| Ice Hockey | 29 | - |
| Lacrosse | - | 26 |
| Cross Country | 20 | 6 |
| Field Hockey | - | 20 |
| Softball | - | 19 |
| Volleyball | - | 16 |
| NCAA Division III with football | MEN | WOMEN |
|---|---|---|
| Football | 60 | - |
| Soccer | 31 | 24 |
| Track and Field (Outdoor) | 26 | 20 |
| Track and Field (Indoor) | 23 | 19 |
| Baseball | 36 | - |
| Basketball | 15 | 14 |
| Ice Hockey | 26 | - |
| Field Hockey | - | 24 |
| Cross Country | 12 | 12 |
| Softball | - | 22 |
| Lacrosse | - | 20 |
| Volleyball | - | 13 |
Nearby & Safety
Ranked colleges nearby
-
College of the Holy CrossWorcester · 24.3 mi
Liberal Arts #22
-
Wellesley CollegeWellesley · 32.0 mi
Liberal Arts #10
-
Boston CollegeChestnut Hill · 36.1 mi
U.S. News #31
-
Tufts UniversityMedford · 36.4 mi
U.S. News #31
-
Harvard UniversityCambridge · 37.3 mi
U.S. News #3
-
Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge · 38.9 mi
U.S. News #1
-
Amherst CollegeAmherst · 40.0 mi
Liberal Arts #2
-
Smith CollegeNorthampton · 47.1 mi
Liberal Arts #22
-
Brown UniversityProvidence · 56.2 mi
U.S. News #16
Data insights
Here are some notable schools near Fitchburg State University:
-
Worcester Polytechnic Institute - Ranked 82nd in the 2024 US News rankings, this comprehensive university is known for its strong engineering and technology programs.
-
Clark University - With a rank of 142, Clark University offers a liberal arts education with a focus on research and community engagement.
-
University of Massachusetts-Lowell - This comprehensive university ranks 159th and is recognized for its diverse academic programs and commitment to student success.
-
College of the Holy Cross - A prestigious liberal arts college, Holy Cross is ranked 27th and is renowned for its rigorous academics and vibrant campus life.
-
Brandeis University - Ranked 60th, Brandeis offers a unique blend of liberal arts and research opportunities in a diverse and inclusive environment.
-
Wellesley College - This top-ranked liberal arts college, at 4th place, is known for empowering women through education and its beautiful campus.
-
Boston College - Ranked 39th, Boston College combines a rich Jesuit tradition with a strong liberal arts curriculum.
-
Tufts University - With a ranking of 40, Tufts is known for its internationalism and emphasis on research and public service.
-
Harvard University - As one of the most prestigious universities in the world, Harvard ranks 3rd and offers unparalleled academic resources and opportunities.
-
Boston University - This comprehensive university is ranked 43rd and offers a wide array of programs in a vibrant urban setting.
-
Massachusetts Institute of Technology - MIT is ranked 2nd and is renowned globally for its cutting-edge research and innovation in science and technology.
-
Simmons University - Ranked 151st, Simmons is known for its strong focus on health sciences and women's leadership.
-
Northeastern University - This comprehensive university, ranking 53rd, is well-known for its co-op program and global learning opportunities.
-
Amherst College - Ranked 2nd among liberal arts colleges, Amherst is recognized for its academic rigor and exceptional faculty.
-
University of Massachusetts-Amherst - This comprehensive university ranks 67th and offers a diverse range of programs and vibrant campus life.
-
Suffolk University - Suffolk, ranked 249th, is known for its strong programs in law, business, and public policy.
-
University of Massachusetts-Boston - This comprehensive university ranks 216th and is committed to providing accessible education to a diverse student body.
-
Mount Holyoke College - A highly ranked liberal arts college at 34th, Mount Holyoke emphasizes women's education and leadership.
-
Smith College - Ranked 16th, Smith College is known for its strong academic programs and commitment to women's education.
-
Western New England University - With a ranking of 236, this comprehensive university offers a variety of degree programs and a supportive learning environment.
These institutions offer diverse educational opportunities and are well-regarded in various fields.
Peer median 4.7 · all 238 public master's colleges and universities in the U.S.
Incidents, 2023–2025
From the Clery Act campus safety reports schools file, covering on-campus, non-campus and public property.
Data insights
Analysis of Crime Data at Fitchburg State University
The crime statistics at Fitchburg State University reveal a significant downward trend in reported incidents over the years. In 2013, the rate was notably high, with 12.25 incidents per 1,000 students, primarily driven by gun-related arrests, drug arrests, and alcohol-related offenses. However, as we progress toward 2023, there is a marked decline in the average number of incidents, dropping to just 2.04 per 1,000 students.
The most striking observation is the dramatic fall in crime rates during the pandemic years, particularly 2020 and 2021, where the average incidents per 1,000 students plummeted to 5.88 and 4.46, respectively. This reduction could be attributed to various factors, including increased campus security measures, a shift to remote learning, and possibly lower student populations on campus during these years.
Moreover, the significant decrease in violent crimes, such as domestic violence and assault, indicates a positive trend towards a safer campus environment. The absence of gun-related offenses in recent years suggests effective policies and community engagement to tackle such issues.
It is essential to continue monitoring these trends to ensure student safety and well-being. Crime data is a critical tool for universities to assess the effectiveness of their safety initiatives and make necessary adjustments. The ongoing improvement in crime statistics at Fitchburg State University is commendable and reflects broader efforts to create a secure learning environment.
For more information on crime rate calculations, please refer to the following link: Crime Rate Calculation Method.
Notable Alumni
Notable alumni of Fitchburg State University include R. A. Salvatore (Fantasy author of The Legend of Drizzt), Robert Cormier (Author and journalist known for young adult novels) and Joey Graceffa (YouTuber, actor, author and producer).
-
R. A. Salvatore 1959–
Fantasy author of The Legend of Drizzt
-
Robert Cormier 1925–2000
Author and journalist known for young adult novels
-
Joey Graceffa 1991–
YouTuber, actor, author and producer
-
Jim Todd 1952–
Former professional basketball coach
-
Leonard L. Amburgey 1945–
Amateur astronomer and minor planet discoverer
-
Denise Garlick
Former Massachusetts state representative
-
Patrick O'Brien Demsey 1978–
Actor
-
Priscilla McLean 1942–
Composer, performer and video artist
-
Jennifer Flanagan 1975–
Former Massachusetts legislator and Cannabis Control Commissioner
More alumni (3, by field)
Politics and law
-
Robert A. Hall 1946–2024
Five-term Massachusetts state senator
Science and academia
-
Patricia Deegan
Psychologist and mental health recovery advocate
Arts and media
-
Jonathan Egstad 1965–
Special effects designer and software developer
From Wikidata “educated at” records (including people who attended without graduating), ordered by the number of Wikipedia language editions. Degrees and years follow Wikidata and are left out where it has none.
References and Data Sources
Data from IPEDS (U.S. Department of Education), U.S. News, THE, QS, ARWU and Clery Act campus safety reports. Data insights are written by the Forward Pathway data team from public data.