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U.S. News #100 Public, 4-year

Florida International University

Miami, Florida · www.fiu.edu

中文

U.S. News National 2027

#100

Down 3 from 2026

U.S. News Global 2027

#488

Up 16 from 2026

THE World 2027

#501

Down 100 from 2026

QS World 2027

#659

Down 77 from 2026

ARWU World 2026

#701

Down 100 from 2025

Acceptance rate

54.7%

2025

Peer median 72.4%

Out-of-state tuition

$18,964

In-state $6,565

Peer median $37,470

Undergraduates

45,193

Student-faculty ratio 24:1

Peer median 18 : 1

Graduation rate

48.6%

4-year; 6-year rate 69.2%

Peer median 57.9%

“Peers” are the 30 closest-ranked public national universities, the same comparison used in this page's data notes.

About

Florida International University is a large public research institution located in Miami, Florida. Founded without religious affiliation, the university has established a significant footprint in South Florida, offering undergraduate and graduate programs across diverse academic disciplines. In the 2027 U.S. News National University Rankings, FIU placed at rank 100, and it ranked 488th in U.S. News World Report global rankings for the same year. The university is widely known for notable academic strengths, including its undergraduate International Business program, which ranked 2nd nationally in 2027, as well as highly regarded medical programs, with its research-focused medical school ranking 3rd in 2026. FIU offers students an urban public education experience closely connected to the commercial and cultural landscape of the Miami metropolitan area.

Florida International University offers a relatively affordable educational path for non-resident undergraduates. In 2025, out-of-state undergraduate tuition was $18,964, which was higher than 3% of peer public universities. On campus, resources are distributed across a large student body with a student-faculty ratio of 24:1. Degree completion timelines require close attention from families. In 2025, the four-year graduation rate stood at 48.6%, indicating that fewer than half of undergraduates graduated within four years. Completion rose over a longer timeframe, with the six-year graduation rate reaching 69.2%. For prospective students, these outcomes mean that while the low tuition price point offers substantial economic value, finishing a degree within four years demands disciplined credit management and focused academic advising from the start.

This collegeRanked colleges nearby

Setting
Suburb of a large city
Nearest major city
Miami, about 10 mi
Nearest international airport
Miami International Airport (MIA), about 6 mi
Miami, Florida
Also known as
FIU
Academic calendar
Semester
Religious affiliation
Not applicable
President
Jeanette Nunez (President)
Phone
3053482000
City
Miami, Florida
Address
11200 S. W. 8 Street, Miami, FL 33199

Rankings & Admission

Acceptance rate (%)

Peer median 72.4% · the 30 closest-ranked public national universities

Acceptance rate by gender, 2025

Men
53.5%
Women
55.4%

In 2020: men 59.1%, women 56.5%.

U.S. News National Universities · last 10 years
#78 #118 #158 #198 2019: #187 2020: #218 #218 2021: #187 2022: #162 2023: #151 2024: #124 2025: #98 2026: #97 #97 2027: #100 #100 20192027

Best #97, lowest #218, latest #100 over the last ten years.

Data insights

Florida International University has steadily climbed in the US News National University Rankings, advancing from a rank of 187 in 2019 to a rank of 100 in 2027. Admissions have grown more selective than many comparable institutions. In 2025, the university recorded an admit rate of 54.7%, which was higher than 23% of peer public universities in its benchmark group. Furthermore, the school maintains a strong draw among admitted applicants. Its yield rate reached 29.2% in 2025, placing it higher than 90% of peer schools. This relatively high yield indicates that admitted students frequently commit to attending rather than choosing other competing alternatives. For prospective applicants, these figures mean that admission is not open-ended, and the institution commands considerable interest among those who receive an offer. Candidates should prepare thorough applications that highlight academic readiness to secure a spot in an applicant pool that continues to show high follow-through.

School and Program Rankings

U.S. News school and program rankings · Click a school to see its programs, and a program for its full ranking

Graduate Rankings · 2026 edition

Medical School (Research)Tier 3 Medical School (Primary Care)Tier 4 Nursing School#54▼2
Public Affairs3 programs#55▼6
Law School13 programs#77▲7
Education School#84▲16
Engineering School5 programs#97▼3
Computer Science#106
Business School10 programs#123▼1
Fine Arts#176
Health Specialty8 programs—
Science5 programs—

Ranks in blue are top 10 · ▲▼ change from the previous edition · “—” means no overall ranking for that school · Medical schools are ranked in tiers since the 2025 edition

Test Scores

2025 admitted students, 25th–75th percentile · 90% submitted SAT, 10% submitted ACT · SAT/ACT scores required for admission

SAT total1070–1260Peer median 1280
ACT composite21–27
SAT Reading
550–640
600700800
SAT Math
520–620
600700800
ACT composite
21–27
253036

Data insights

Applicants targeting Florida International University should focus on presenting strong high school coursework alongside competitive standardized test scores. In 2025, the median SAT score among enrolled students was 1160, which was lower than all peer schools in its public university comparison group. Testing submissions at the university lean heavily toward the SAT, with 90% of freshmen submitting SAT results in 2025. Beyond standardized exams, high school classroom performance among admitted cohorts is notably high. For the 2023–2024 academic year, 65.0% of entering students presented a perfect 4.0 GPA, while another 16.0% held a GPA between 3.75 and 3.99. Prospective applicants should therefore maintain top grades in rigorous high school courses. While standardized test score expectations are moderate compared to peers, maintaining an unweighted grade point average near the top of one's class represents the clearest path toward meeting the academic standard of admitted students.

How Hard Is It to Get In

about 5 in 10

32,855 applicants in 2025, 54.7% admitted

17,957 admitted 14,898 not admitted Yield 29.2%

Degrees & Majors

Graduates in 2025 (first major)

Associate2149 international (4.2%)
Bachelor's10,499626 international (6.0%)
Master's3,577541 international (15.1%)
Doctoral702103 international (14.7%)
Top 10 Bachelor's majors by graduates
Psychology, General
1531
Biology/Biological Sciences, General
884
Computer and Information Sciences, General
746
Finance, General
461
Criminal Justice/Safety Studies
418
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, General
373
Marketing/Marketing Management, General
365
International Business/Trade/Commerce
358
Political Science and Government, General
292
Hospitality Administration/Management, General
246

U.S. studentsInternational

Popular graduate programs

  • Business Administration and Management, General · Master's484 (9% international)
  • Hospitality Administration/Management, General · Master's163 (31% international)
  • Law · Doctoral160 (6% international)
  • Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration, General · Master's147 (5% international)
  • Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology · Master's147 (10% international)
  • Medicine · Doctoral137 (0% international)

Data insights

Degrees awarded at Florida International University show moderate concentration, with the top three undergraduate programs accounting for 30.1% of all bachelor's degrees conferred in 2025. The most popular undergraduate fields include general psychology, biological sciences, and computer science. However, the university's largest programs by enrollment are not its highest-ranked disciplines. In U.S. News rankings, the undergraduate international business program achieved a rank of 2 in 2027, standing out as a distinguished specialty alongside prominent graduate offerings in medicine and public affairs. Career compensation varies noticeably across fields, with technical and applied healthcare majors commanding the highest early returns. In 2023 earnings data, graduates in registered nursing led undergraduate earners with median first-year compensation of $81,276, closely followed by electrical and communications engineering graduates at $79,085. For students choosing a major, FIU offers standout educational prestige in global business and high post-graduation earnings in engineering and nursing, even as many peers gravitate toward broader liberal arts and sciences.

All majors, graduates and earnings IPEDS · College Scorecard

*Depends on whether majors have graduates in 2025 or not, Yes / No
**Move mouse on can check deitaled graudates number, click for major detailed information
***Due to privacy policy, graduate salaries are not shown for some majors that has few gradautes

Businesshas 3513 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Business Administration and Management, General.$51,210-$145,098
Logistics, Materials, and Supply Chain Management.$51,210-$145,098
Accounting.$63,597-$79,665
Finance, General.$57,133-$74,375
Hospitality Administration/Management, General.$45,713-$57,900
Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration, General.$53,464-$69,824
International Business/Trade/Commerce.$53,613-$65,138
Management Information Systems, General.$57,323
Management Science.$61,839
Marketing/Marketing Management, General.$48,641-$72,619
Real Estate.$53,257-$67,771
Psychology has 1745 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Psychology, General.$34,718-$73,586
Behavioral Neuroscience.-
Health professionshas 1393 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Audiology/Audiologist and Speech-Language Pathology/Pathologist.$53,816
Health/Health Care Administration/Management.$46,330-$56,294
Physician Assistant.$104,329
Athletic Training/Trainer.$104,329
Medicine.$65,493
Clinical/Medical Social Work.$55,388
Public Health, General.$55,199
Occupational Therapy/Therapist.$31,607-$75,490
Physical Therapy/Therapist.$31,607-$75,490
Rehabilitation and Therapeutic Professions, Other.$31,607-$75,490
Medical Informatics.$81,518
Dietetics/Dietitian.$23,970-$57,007
Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse.$81,276-$148,241
Family Practice Nurse/Nursing.$81,276-$148,241
Nursing Science.$81,276-$148,241
Pediatric Nurse/Nursing.$81,276-$148,241
Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse/Nursing.$81,276-$148,241
Nursing Practice.$81,276-$148,241
Computer and information sciencehas 1237 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Computer and Information Sciences, General.$65,865-$99,794
Information Technology.$65,865-$99,794
Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst.$91,138
Computer and Information Systems Security/Auditing/Information Assurance.$77,138
Biologyhas 1017 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Biology/Biological Sciences, General.$25,534
Biomedical Sciences, General.$25,534
Biochemistry.$24,773
Marine Biology and Biological Oceanography.$29,280
Engineeringhas 766 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Engineering, General.-
Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering.$64,467
Civil Engineering, General.$70,613
Computer Engineering, General.$70,159-$88,213
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.$79,085-$89,488
Telecommunications Engineering.$79,085-$89,488
Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering.$63,697
Materials Engineering.-
Mechanical Engineering.$73,677
Systems Engineering.-
Multi/inerdisciplinary studies has 674 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, General.$41,894
Biological and Physical Sciences.-
International/Globalization Studies.$60,933
Computational Science.-
Sustainability Studies.$35,523
Social sciencehas 636 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Economics, General.$53,539
Econometrics and Quantitative Economics.$53,539
International Relations and Affairs.$41,435
Political Science and Government, General.$37,077
Sociology, General.$44,065
Homeland security has 635 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Criminal Justice/Safety Studies.$40,941-$54,962
Crisis/Emergency/Disaster Management.$66,090
Criminalistics and Criminal Science.$38,160-$50,734
Forensic Science and Technology.$38,160-$50,734
Educationhas 633 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Curriculum and Instruction.$64,419
Educational Leadership and Administration, General.$57,125-$104,489
Higher Education/Higher Education Administration.$57,125-$104,489
Educational Statistics and Research Methods.-
International and Comparative Education.-
Special Education and Teaching, General.$37,601-$60,677
Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services.$54,187
Adult and Continuing Education and Teaching.$48,849-$57,857
Elementary Education and Teaching.$48,849-$57,857
Early Childhood Education and Teaching.$48,849-$57,857
Art Teacher Education.$35,300-$57,265
English/Language Arts Teacher Education.$35,300-$57,265
Foreign Language Teacher Education.$35,300-$57,265
Music Teacher Education.$35,300-$57,265
Physical Education Teaching and Coaching.$35,300-$57,265
Reading Teacher Education.$35,300-$57,265
Communication has 626 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Speech Communication and Rhetoric.$41,994-$55,924
Mass Communication/Media Studies.$41,994-$55,924
Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia.$39,915
Public Relations, Advertising, and Applied Communication.$44,918
Liberal arts has 381 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies.$38,825
Visual and Performing artshas 241 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Digital Arts.-
Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General.$26,752
Art/Art Studies, General.$28,930
Fine/Studio Arts, General.$28,930
Art History, Criticism and Conservation.$28,930
Music, General.$27,596
Engineering technologieshas 220 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Construction Engineering Technology/Technician.$77,944-$90,918
Engineering/Industrial Management.$96,138
Engineering/Engineering-Related Technologies/Technicians, Other.$66,436
Legal professionshas 217 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Law.$82,256
Advanced Legal Research/Studies, General.$92,097
Programs for Foreign Lawyers.$92,097
English has 175 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
English Language and Literature, General.$34,599
Creative Writing.-
Architecture has 168 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Landscape Architecture.$60,950
Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology.$56,536
Public administrationhas 155 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Public Administration.$50,191-$62,456
Social Work.$38,032
Physical scienceshas 141 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Chemistry, General.$28,003
Geology/Earth Science, General.-
Physics, General.$19,824
Parks, recreation, leisure has 112 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Parks, Recreation, and Leisure Facilities Management, General.$37,015-$47,584
Exercise Science and Kinesiology.-
History has 75 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
History, General.$37,696
Cultural has 66 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Asian Studies/Civilization.$30,134
Latin American Studies.$30,134
Latin American and Caribbean Studies.$30,134
African-American/Black Studies.$37,287
Women's Studies.$37,287
Mathmatics and statistics has 56 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Mathematics, General.$61,395
Applied Mathematics, General.-
Statistics, General.-
Natural resources has 46 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Environmental Studies.$38,255
Environmental/Natural Resources Management and Policy, General.$56,347
Foreign languages has 37 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Foreign Languages and Literatures, General.-
Linguistics.-
French Language and Literature.$39,853
Spanish Language and Literature.$39,853
Philosophy has 27 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Philosophy.$37,131
Religion/Religious Studies.-

Students

54,723 students in 2025 · Undergraduate men to women 45:55 · Freshman retention 91.9%

Undergraduate race and ethnicity (45,193)

Hispanic
30,692 · 67.9%
Black
4,974 · 11.0%
White
3,876 · 8.6%
International
3,203 · 7.1%
Asian
1,209 · 2.7%
Two or more races
887 · 2.0%
Unknown
312 · 0.7%

Data insights

Florida International University educates a large metropolitan student body characterized by strong Hispanic representation across both undergraduate and graduate levels. Among entering freshmen in 2025, international and Asian students represent distinct minority populations within the broader class. The first-year undergraduate cohort included 198 international students, accounting for 3.8% of entering freshmen. Asian students comprised a similar proportion of the incoming class, totaling 178 students or 3.4% of the group. Hispanic students form the vast majority of degree seekers on campus, while Black and white students make up the next largest domestic segments. Across the upper-division undergraduate classes and within the graduate student population, international enrollment expands significantly in relative proportion, whereas Asian representation remains a small, steady presence throughout advanced programs. For prospective students, the campus offers a community centered heavily around South Florida’s multicultural demographic landscape, where domestic Hispanic students predominate alongside focused international cohorts.

The student body at Florida International University displays an age distribution centered on traditional college ages alongside working professionals. In 2025, students aged twenty to twenty-one formed the single largest undergraduate group at 27.7%, followed closely by young adults in their early twenties. This concentration gives undergraduate student life a traditional rhythm, though commuter and working students remain common. At the graduate level, enrollment leans heavily toward early-career adults, with those aged twenty-five to twenty-nine making up 35% of all graduate students. The presence of mature degree seekers creates a focused academic atmosphere where evening and professional studies coexist with daytime undergraduate activities.

International Students

International share over the last 10 years · gray line: median of the 30 closest-ranked public national universities

Undergraduates7.1%

3,203 in 2025 · 5.6% in 2016

0% 5% 10% 2016: 5.6%2017: 5.4%2018: 5.6%2019: 6.4%2020: 6.7%2021: 6.4%2022: 6.6%2023: 7.4%2024: 7.3%2025: 7.1%
2016Peer median 3.7%2025
Graduate students15.0%

1,431 in 2025 · 16.1% in 2016

0% 12.5% 25% 2016: 16.1%2017: 15.1%2018: 14.2%2019: 14.0%2020: 14.4%2021: 12.8%2022: 13.4%2023: 16.2%2024: 16.0%2025: 15.0%
2016Peer median 21.9%2025

Data insights

International enrollment at Florida International University displays contrasting patterns across academic levels. In 2025, international students made up 7.1% of the undergraduate body, placing the institution higher than 83% of peer public universities. In contrast, international representation at the graduate level stood at 15% in 2025. Among graduating students, international degree earners concentrate in specific professional disciplines. At the bachelor's level, international students frequently earn degrees in fields such as Computer and Information Sciences, General, and Finance, General. At the master's level, international students account for a prominent share of professional programs, making up 31.3% of graduates in Hospitality Administration/Management, General, alongside notable representation in Architectural and Building Sciences/Technology. For prospective international applicants, these patterns indicate established concentrations in business, technical, and hospitality tracks where international students regularly complete their degrees.

Cost

2025 cost per year (out-of-state)

$32,044

Undergrad tuition (out-of-state)
$18,964
Undergraduate tuition (in-state)
$6,565
Room and board
$13,080
Graduate tuition
$24,439
Out-of-state tuition and room and board over time

Peer median tuition + room and board $52,823 · the 30 closest-ranked public national universities

Tuition rose 0% from 2016 to 2025; room and board rose 22%.

Finances · fiscal year 2024

Revenue$1.40B

Government grants and contracts
$735M52.5%
Tuition and fees
$286M20.4%
Auxiliary enterprises
$117M8.4%
Gifts and private grants
$71.3M5.1%
Investment return
$31.0M2.2%
Sales and services of educational activities
$1.4M0.1%
Other
$158M11.3%

Expenses$1.32B

Instruction
$403M30.5%
Research
$222M16.8%
Scholarships
$161M12.1%
Academic support
$140M10.6%
Institutional support
$124M9.4%
Student services
$89.4M6.8%
Auxiliary enterprises
$79.8M6.0%
Public service
$18.4M1.4%
Other
$85.2M6.4%

Average faculty salary · 2025 (9-month equivalent)

Dark gray ticks: median pay for the same rank at the 30 closest-ranked public national universities

All faculty
$106,417peers $113,080
Professor
$151,623peers $156,851
Associate professor
$104,743peers $113,232
Assistant professor
$95,760peers $97,291
Instructor
$79,150peers $69,801
Lecturer
$113,054peers $76,115

Campus Life

Athletics and varsity athletes NCAA · Conference USA

Conference USA: football, basketball, baseball, cross country

2025
IndependentMENWOMEN
Track and Field and Cross Country (combined)30137
Football114-
Soccer2630
Baseball40-
Basketball1623
Swimming and Diving (combined)-26
Softball-22
Volleyball-22
Beach Volleyball-21
Golf-8
Tennis-8
2024
NCAA Division I-FBSMENWOMEN
Track and Field and Cross Country (combined)28123
Football112-
Soccer2833
Baseball40-
Basketball1618
Swimming and Diving (combined)-30
Softball-24
Beach Volleyball-22
Volleyball-18
Golf-9
Tennis-8
2023
NCAA Division I-FBSMENWOMEN
Track and Field and Cross Country (combined)32109
Football111-
Soccer2734
Baseball39-
Basketball1512
Swimming and Diving (combined)-27
Softball-23
Beach Volleyball-21
Volleyball-18
Golf-7
Tennis-6

Nearby & Safety

Ranked colleges nearby

Data insights

Applicants considering Florida International University have several other higher education options within the region. Located just 6.4 kilometers away, University of Miami is a private research institution ranked 55th in the 2027 U.S. News National University Rankings. Moving slightly north, Nova Southeastern University sits 23.7 kilometers from FIU and holds a national rank of 250. Further up the coast, Florida Atlantic University is 45.7 kilometers away and holds a rank of 191. These neighboring options allow families to compare different campus environments, ranging from regional private universities to mid-sized public institutions across South Florida.

Campus safety · incidents per 1,000 students

Peer median 9.6 · the 30 closest-ranked public national universities

Incidents, 2023–2025

Liquor referrals
258
Motor vehicle theft
123
Drug referrals
96
Dating violence
41
Stalking
27
Rape
20

From the Clery Act campus safety reports schools file, covering on-campus, non-campus and public property.

Data insights

Campus safety data at Florida International University shows a downward trend in overall incident rates across recent years. In 2025, the university registered a crime rate of 2.8 per 1,000 students, marking an overall decline from prior levels. Looking at incident categories reported across the three-year period from 2023 to 2025, disciplinary referrals for policy infractions constituted the largest portion of campus records, led by 258 liquor law violations and dozens of drug violations. Among criminal offenses during that same three-year window, vehicle-related property crime was the most prevalent issue, totaling 123 incidents of motor vehicle theft. Interpersonal offenses, including dating violence, stalking, and rape, occurred in substantially lower numbers across the campus community. For incoming students, these records reflect an urban university environment where safety concerns are predominantly centered around institutional conduct violations and parking area vehicle security rather than widespread violent crime.

Notable Alumni

All 60

Notable alumni of Florida International University include Andy Garcia (Cuban-American actor, director and musician), Riley Reid (Adult film actress) and Aimee Carrero (Actress, lead in sitcom Young & Hungry).

See all 60 notable alumni of Florida International University →

Recent News at Florida International University

Summarized daily from the school's official news. Click "Source" for the original story.

2Updates in the past 12 months
Nov 4Latest update
Programs & rankingsMost common topic
  1. New Tuition & aid

    Florida International University rescinded its proposed tuition increase for the online MSEM program, which will not go to the Nov. 10 trustees meeting; the current rate stays the same.

    Source: news.fiu.edu
  2. Rankings

    Florida International University ranked No. 46 among public and No. 100 overall in U.S. News 2027, its third straight year in the public top 50, and No. 1 nationally for economic and social mobility.

    Source: news.fiu.edu
  3. Campus facilities

    The Chaplin School of Hospitality & Tourism Management at Florida International University debuted the Bill Hansen Catering & Events Laboratory at the Biscayne Bay Campus on August 16.

    Source: lodgingmagazine.com
  4. Research

    Florida International University launched the Population Health Initiative, rooted in interdisciplinary team science, to collaborate across disciplines and address societal health challenges in South Florida and beyond.

    Source: news.fiu.edu
  5. Rankings

    Military Times ranked Florida International University among its 2024 "Best for Vets" colleges and universities ahead of Veterans Day, bringing FIU five distinctions for supporting veteran and military-connected learners.

    Source: news.fiu.edu

Related News

References and Data Sources

Data from IPEDS (U.S. Department of Education), U.S. News, THE, QS, ARWU and Clery Act campus safety reports. Data insights are written by the Forward Pathway data team from public data.