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U.S. News #121 Private nonprofit, 4-year

Loyola University Chicago

Chicago, Illinois · www.luc.edu

中文

U.S. News National 2027

#121

Up 11 from 2026

U.S. News Global 2027

#949

Down 41 from 2026

QS World 2027

#1201

Down 200 from 2026

ARWU World 2026

#901

Same as 2025

Acceptance rate

81.6%

2025

Peer median 67.4%

Tuition per year

$53,710

$70,720 with room and board

Peer median $55,620

Undergraduates

12,538

Student-faculty ratio 13:1

Peer median 12 : 1

Graduation rate

67.3%

4-year; 6-year rate 72.7%

Peer median 69.2%

“Peers” are the 30 closest-ranked private national universities, the same comparison used in this page's data notes.

About

Loyola University Chicago is a private, nonprofit Roman Catholic research institution located along the lakefront in Chicago, Illinois. Founded under Jesuit affiliation, the university maintains an educational mission centered on professional training, ethics, and community engagement. In the 2027 U.S. News Best Colleges rankings, Loyola University Chicago placed 121st among national universities, while holding the 949th position globally. The institution offers a broad curriculum spanning arts, sciences, business, and healthcare. Its undergraduate business programs earn strong national recognition, including ranks of 15th in Business Analytics, 17th in Accounting, and 19th in Marketing for 2027. Undergraduate nursing is another prominent strength, sharing the 19th spot nationally, while its graduate program in Health Law ranked 4th in 2026. The university combines urban city access with a comprehensive four-year collegiate structure.

Undergraduate study at Loyola University Chicago carries private-college pricing, with undergraduate tuition set at $53,710 in 2025. Across the entire institution, an estimated 56.4% of the list-price tuition was collected in net tuition revenue in 2024. This figure is a school-wide estimate that reflects institutional aid and graduate tuition waivers rather than the specific net price paid by any individual student, so international students should not rely on it to estimate their own cost. Educational outcomes show that degree completion is steady but trails top private peers. The university achieved a 4-year graduation rate of 67.3% in 2025, while its 6-year graduation rate reached 72.7%, lagging behind the completion levels of most peer institutions. For prospective applicants, these figures mean that while roughly two-thirds of undergraduates complete their studies in four years, families must carefully weigh the significant annual investment against institutional completion metrics.

This collegeRanked colleges nearby

Setting
Large city
Nearest major city
Chicago, about 10 mi
Nearest international airport
Chicago O'Hare International Airport (ORD), about 15 mi
Chicago, Illinois
Academic calendar
Semester
Religious affiliation
Roman Catholic
President
Mark Reed, EdD. (President)
Phone
7732743000
City
Chicago, Illinois
Address
1032 W. Sheridan Rd, Chicago, IL 60660

Rankings & Admission

Acceptance rate (%)

Peer median 67.4% · the 30 closest-ranked private national universities

Acceptance rate by gender, 2025

Men
77.5%
Women
83.7%

In 2020: men 64.3%, women 68.6%.

U.S. News National Universities · last 10 years
#81 #99 #117 #135 2018: #103 2019: #89 #89 2020: #104 2021: #112 2022: #103 2023: #115 2024: #142 #142 2025: #132 2026: #132 2027: #121 #121 20182027

Best #89, lowest #142, latest #121 over the last ten years.

Data insights

Admission to Loyola University Chicago is broadly accessible, providing an open door for a wide range of candidates. In 2025, the university admitted 81.6% of its applicants, reflecting an admission rate well above the typical private university in its cohort. In the 2027 U.S. News rankings, the university placed 121st among national universities, showing modest improvement after dropping to 142nd in 2024. However, the school encounters considerable difficulty in converting admitted applicants into matriculated freshmen. Its yield rate in 2025 was just 8.6%, which was higher than only 7% of 30 similarly ranked private comprehensive universities. This pattern of generous acceptances paired with an exceptionally low yield rate means that while applicants face few competitive barriers to entry, the university frequently serves as an alternative option rather than the final destination for admitted students, who overwhelmingly decide to enroll at competing institutions.

School and Program Rankings

U.S. News school and program rankings · Click a school to see its programs, and a program for its full ranking

Ranks in blue are top 10 · ▲▼ change from the previous edition · “—” means no overall ranking for that school · Medical schools are ranked in tiers since the 2025 edition

Test Scores

2025 admitted students, 25th–75th percentile · 23% submitted SAT, 15% submitted ACT · SAT/ACT optional: considered if submitted

SAT total1170–1360Peer median 1308
ACT composite27–32
SAT Reading
600–690
600700800
SAT Math
570–670
600700800
ACT composite
27–32
253036

Data insights

Applicants targeting Loyola University Chicago face an admissions profile where strong high school grades are prevalent among successful candidates. In the 2023–2024 academic cycle, 42.0% of enrolling first-year students entered with a perfect high school grade point average, showing that classroom achievement is an important benchmark. Standardized testing outcomes fall near national midpoints. In 2025, the university's median SAT score reached 1260, which was higher than 18% of peer schools among private universities with similar rankings. Standardized test ranges on the ACT spanned from the high twenties to the low thirties. For international candidates, applicant cases collected by Forward Pathway, which are not official university data, recorded a median SAT of 1280 for admitted students. Prospective applicants should expect to present a rigorous transcript and standardized test results around these mid-tier benchmarks to remain competitive during the admissions review process.

How Hard Is It to Get In

about 8 in 10

39,315 applicants in 2025, 81.6% admitted

32,081 admitted 7,234 not admitted Yield 8.6%

Degrees & Majors

Graduates in 2025 (first major)

Associate1013 international (3.0%)
Bachelor's2,62680 international (3.0%)
Master's1,140126 international (11.1%)
Doctoral6128 international (1.3%)
Top 10 Bachelor's majors by graduates
Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse
266
Biology/Biological Sciences, General
254
Psychology, General
242
Political Science and Government, General
140
Marketing/Marketing Management, General
121
Finance, General
104
Criminal Justice and Corrections, General
75
Public Relations, Advertising, and Applied Communication, Other
71
History, General
53
Neurobiology and Behavior
50

U.S. studentsInternational

Popular graduate programs

  • Law · Doctoral263 (0% international)
  • Social Work · Master's245 (0% international)
  • Medicine · Doctoral168 (0% international)
  • Business Administration and Management, General · Master's136 (8% international)
  • Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods, Other · Master's47 (30% international)
  • Health Law · Master's43 (0% international)

Data insights

Undergraduate degree programs at Loyola University Chicago show a moderate degree of concentration, with the largest fields aligning well with the institution's top academic standings. In 2025, the top three bachelor's majors accounted for 29% of all undergraduate degrees, led by Registered Nursing with 266 graduates, followed closely by biology and psychology. The popularity of nursing mirrors its formal standing, as U.S. News ranked Loyola's undergraduate nursing program 19th nationally in 2027. Business disciplines also demonstrate academic strength, including an undergraduate business analytics rank of 15th in the same 2027 ranking. These professional credentials translate directly into career compensation: based on 2023 earnings data, Registered Nursing graduates achieved the school's highest bachelor's median earnings at $82,706 one year after graduation. International representation remains relatively small at the undergraduate level, with international students comprising 3% of bachelor's degree recipients in 2025. For prospective applicants, Loyola offers established clinical and business pathways where student enrollment, academic recognition, and post-graduation earnings reinforce one another.

All majors, graduates and earnings IPEDS · College Scorecard

*Depends on whether majors have graduates in 2025 or not, Yes / No
**Move mouse on can check deitaled graudates number, click for major detailed information
***Due to privacy policy, graduate salaries are not shown for some majors that has few gradautes

Businesshas 783 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Business Administration and Management, General.$63,500-$111,348
Office Management and Supervision.$63,500-$111,348
Operations Management and Supervision.$63,500-$111,348
Accounting.$77,747-$79,322
Business/Managerial Economics.$57,385
Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies.-
Finance, General.$72,192
Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration, General.$63,277-$77,112
International Business/Trade/Commerce.$68,214
Management Information Systems, General.$76,457
Management Science.-
Business Statistics.-
Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods, Other.-
Marketing/Marketing Management, General.$58,606
Marketing, Other.$58,606
Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Other.-
Health professionshas 631 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Health Services/Allied Health/Health Sciences, General.-
Health/Health Care Administration/Management.$59,113-$139,812
Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist.-
Pre-Medicine/Pre-Medical Studies.-
Medicine.$66,676
Public Health, General.$66,807
Environmental Health.$66,807
Dietetics/Dietitian.-
Bioethics/Medical Ethics.-
Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse.$82,706-$142,305
Nursing Administration.$82,706-$142,305
Adult Health Nurse/Nursing.$82,706-$142,305
Family Practice Nurse/Nursing.$82,706-$142,305
Nursing Science.$82,706-$142,305
Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse/Nursing.$82,706-$142,305
Clinical Nurse Specialist.$82,706-$142,305
Emergency Room/Trauma Nursing.$82,706-$142,305
Nursing Practice.$82,706-$142,305
Women's Health Nurse/Nursing.$82,706-$142,305
Biologyhas 489 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Biology/Biological Sciences, General.$33,834-$34,386
Biomedical Sciences, General.$33,834-$34,386
Biochemistry.$38,451
Biophysics.$38,451
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.$38,451
Cell Biology and Anatomy.-
Microbiology and Immunology.-
Microbiological Sciences and Immunology, Other.-
Cell Physiology.$23,829
Oncology and Cancer Biology.$23,829
Pharmacology.-
Bioinformatics.-
Conservation Biology.-
Neuroscience.$35,817
Neurobiology and Behavior.$35,817
Neurobiology and Neurosciences, Other.$35,817
Psychology has 379 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Psychology, General.$35,804
Developmental and Child Psychology.-
Social Psychology.-
Clinical Psychology.$62,845-$86,442
Counseling Psychology.$62,845-$86,442
School Psychology.$62,845-$86,442
Educational Psychology.$62,845-$86,442
Applied Psychology.$62,845-$86,442
Legal professionshas 364 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Law.$91,976
American/U.S. Law/Legal Studies/Jurisprudence.$95,958
Banking, Corporate, Finance, and Securities Law.$95,958
Health Law.$95,958
International Law and Legal Studies.$95,958
Legal Assistant/Paralegal.$59,693
Legal Professions and Studies, Other.-
Public administrationhas 305 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Human Services, General.-
Public Administration.-
Public Policy Analysis, General.-
Social Work.$47,301-$58,113
Social sciencehas 227 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Anthropology, General.-
Economics, General.-
International Relations and Affairs.$38,538
Political Science and Government, General.$44,178
Sociology, General.$35,782
Urban Studies/Affairs.-
Sociology and Anthropology.-
Communication has 180 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Speech Communication and Rhetoric.$45,386
Communication and Media Studies, Other.$45,386
Journalism.$43,348
Digital Communication and Media/Multimedia.$31,448-$59,527
Advertising.$54,198
Public Relations, Advertising, and Applied Communication, Other.$54,198
Educationhas 166 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Bilingual and Multilingual Education.-
Curriculum and Instruction.-
Educational Leadership and Administration, General.$61,776
Higher Education/Higher Education Administration.$61,776
Educational/Instructional Technology.-
Educational Statistics and Research Methods.-
Social and Philosophical Foundations of Education.-
Special Education and Teaching, General.-
Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services.-
Elementary Education and Teaching.$55,773-$66,965
Junior High/Intermediate/Middle School Education and Teaching.$55,773-$66,965
Secondary Education and Teaching.$55,773-$66,965
Early Childhood Education and Teaching.$55,773-$66,965
English/Language Arts Teacher Education.-
Mathematics Teacher Education.-
Homeland security has 125 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Criminal Justice and Corrections, General.$43,748
Forensic Science and Technology.$44,285
Natural resources has 123 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Environmental Studies.$41,350-$60,630
Environmental Science.$41,350-$60,630
Environmental/Natural Resource Economics.$38,085
Computer and information sciencehas 114 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Computer and Information Sciences, General.$65,588
Information Technology.$65,588
Computer Science.-
Computer and Information Systems Security/Auditing/Information Assurance.$80,296
Multi/inerdisciplinary studies has 104 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Mathematics and Computer Science.-
Accounting and Computer Science.-
Behavioral Sciences.$31,898
International/Globalization Studies.-
Human Computer Interaction.-
Data Science, General.-
Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other.-
Visual and Performing artshas 75 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Dance, General.-
Design and Visual Communications, General.-
Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General.$30,943
Photography.-
Fine/Studio Arts, General.-
Art History, Criticism and Conservation.-
Music, General.-
Voice and Opera.-
History has 67 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
History, General.$37,763-$41,930
Public/Applied History.$37,763-$41,930
English has 61 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
English Language and Literature, General.$33,634
Creative Writing.-
Engineeringhas 49 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering.-
Computer Engineering, General.$77,044
Computer Software Engineering.$77,044
Environmental/Environmental Health Engineering.-
Theology has 41 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Theology/Theological Studies.-
Divinity/Ministry.-
Pastoral Studies/Counseling.-
Pastoral Counseling and Specialized Ministries, Other.-
Mathmatics and statistics has 33 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Mathematics, General.-
Applied Mathematics, General.-
Statistics, General.-
Physical scienceshas 33 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Chemistry, General.-
Physics, General.-
Theoretical and Mathematical Physics.-
Liberal arts has 32 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies.-
Parks, recreation, leisure has 30 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Exercise Science and Kinesiology.-
Philosophy has 25 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Philosophy.$19,393
Applied and Professional Ethics.$19,393
Cultural has 21 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Italian Studies.-
Women's Studies.-
Foreign languages has 19 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
French Language and Literature.-
Spanish Language and Literature.-
Hispanic and Latin American Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, General.-
Classics and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics, General.-
Latin Language and Literature.-
Agricultural has 3 graduates in 2025
MajorGraduate SalaryAssociateUnderMasterDoctor
Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture.-

Students

17,384 students in 2025 · Undergraduate men to women 31:69 · Freshman retention 81.7%

Undergraduate race and ethnicity (12,538)

White
5,795 · 46.2%
Hispanic
2,806 · 22.4%
Asian
1,554 · 12.4%
Black
959 · 7.6%
Two or more races
603 · 4.8%
Unknown
538 · 4.3%
International
261 · 2.1%

Age distribution

Bachelor's

Under 18
5.7%
18–19
41.0%
20–21
39.9%
22–24
9.2%
25 and over
4.3%

Graduate students

Under 22
0.8%
22–24
28.5%
25–29
35.1%
30–34
12.4%
35 and over
23.2%

Data insights

Loyola University Chicago maintains an urban student body where undergraduates form the clear majority and women account for approximately seven in ten students across all divisions. Asian students constitute a visible community, representing 11.7% of the freshman cohort with 346 students. In contrast, international presence is notably small at the undergraduate entry level. The university enrolled 46 international freshmen in 2025, representing just 1.6% of the entering class, though international enrollment rises in graduate study. White and Hispanic students represent the two largest domestic populations on campus. For students evaluating campus diversity, these figures show that while Asian students maintain steady representation across degree levels, the undergraduate student body remains overwhelmingly domestic.

The undergraduate student body at Loyola University Chicago is overwhelmingly made up of traditional college-aged students. In 2025, students aged 18 to 19 represented 41% of all undergraduates, while those aged 20 to 21 accounted for 39.9%. This heavy concentration of young adults shapes an undergraduate campus life focused on traditional collegiate milestones, residential living, and activities tailored to students progressing straight from high school. In contrast, the graduate population presents a mature profile centered on young professionals. The single largest graduate age group is 25 to 29, comprising 35.1% of advanced-degree students, followed closely by students aged 22 to 24. This separation creates a distinct division between an undergraduate environment centered on young learners and graduate classrooms filled with students entering early career stages.

International Students

International share over the last 10 years · gray line: median of the 30 closest-ranked private national universities

Undergraduates2.1%

261 in 2025 · 5.2% in 2016

0% 5% 10% 2016: 5.2%2017: 5.0%2018: 5.3%2019: 4.8%2020: 4.0%2021: 3.5%2022: 3.0%2023: 2.8%2024: 2.2%2025: 2.1%
2016Peer median 3.3%2025
Graduate students5.9%

284 in 2025 · 8.4% in 2016

0% 7.5% 15% 2016: 8.4%2017: 7.8%2018: 7.6%2019: 6.7%2020: 5.7%2021: 4.3%2022: 3.8%2023: 5.0%2024: 5.5%2025: 5.9%
2016Peer median 9.3%2025

Data insights

International student representation at Loyola University Chicago has trended downward over the past decade across both study levels. By 2025, international students accounted for only 2.1% of undergraduates and 5.9% of graduate students, reflecting long-term contractions in foreign enrollment. Among degree recipients, international representation at the undergraduate level remains minimal across dominant fields, including nursing, biology, and psychology, where foreign graduates represent a negligible fraction. However, international students concentrate heavily in technical graduate disciplines. In 2025, international graduates comprised 48.6% of master's degree earners in Computer Science and 29.8% in Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods. For prospective international applicants, these patterns indicate that while undergraduate campus life is overwhelmingly domestic, selected quantitative and computing master's programs offer substantial international cohort representation.

Cost

2025 cost per year

$70,720

Undergraduate tuition
$53,710
Room and board
$17,010
Graduate tuition
$21,912
Tuition and room and board over time

Peer median tuition + room and board $71,175 · the 30 closest-ranked private national universities

Tuition rose 37% from 2016 to 2025; room and board rose 28%.

Finances · fiscal year 2024

Revenue$778M

Tuition and fees
$426M54.7%
Investment return
$109M14.0%
Auxiliary enterprises
$84.6M10.9%
Government grants and contracts
$48.9M6.3%
Gifts and private grants
$45.6M5.9%
Sales and services of educational activities
$29.0M3.7%
Other
$34.9M4.5%

Expenses$676M

Instruction
$224M33.2%
Academic support
$134M19.8%
Institutional support
$97.1M14.4%
Auxiliary enterprises
$84.6M12.5%
Student services
$74.9M11.1%
Research
$52.0M7.7%
Public service
$5.8M0.9%
Scholarships
$3.0M0.4%

Average faculty salary · 2025 (9-month equivalent)

Dark gray ticks: median pay for the same rank at the 30 closest-ranked private national universities

All faculty
$104,279peers $107,260
Professor
$159,376peers $142,640
Associate professor
$113,419peers $107,262
Assistant professor
$102,353peers $94,923
Instructor
$72,057peers $75,487
Lecturer
$82,565peers $75,093

Campus Life

Athletics and varsity athletes NCAA · Atlantic 10 Conference

Atlantic 10 Conference: basketball, cross country

2025
NCAA Division I without footballMENWOMEN
Track and Field and Cross Country (combined)6762
Soccer3032
Volleyball2516
Basketball1715
Softball-18
Golf98
2024
NCAA Division I without footballMENWOMEN
Track and Field and Cross Country (combined)6072
Soccer3029
Volleyball2715
Basketball1714
Softball-19
Golf810
2023
NCAA Division I without footballMENWOMEN
Track and Field and Cross Country (combined)5960
Soccer2928
Volleyball2219
Basketball1613
Softball-19
Golf810

Nearby & Safety

Ranked colleges nearby

Data insights

Applicants considering Loyola University Chicago will find several established higher education institutions in the immediate Chicago metropolitan area. Just 3.6 kilometers away sits Northwestern University, a top-tier national university ranked 9th in the 2027 U.S. News rankings. Closer to downtown, DePaul University is located 8.6 kilometers from campus and ranked 169th among national universities. Nearby public research opportunities are available at University of Illinois Chicago, positioned 8.9 kilometers away and ranked 95th. In addition, Illinois Institute of Technology is located 11.8 kilometers away, sharing the 121st spot on the national university list. These neighboring schools give prospective students varied choices across private, public, and technical education within the city.

Campus safety · incidents per 1,000 students

Peer median 7.6 · the 30 closest-ranked private national universities

Incidents, 2023–2025

Liquor referrals
567
Stalking
35
Motor vehicle theft
33
Fondling
24
Domestic violence
22
Rape
11

From the Clery Act campus safety reports schools file, covering on-campus, non-campus and public property.

Data insights

Campus safety records at Loyola University Chicago show a significant decline in reported offenses over the past decade. The school's crime rate per 1,000 students reached 5.1 in 2025, reflecting a long-term downward trajectory. The overwhelming majority of campus safety incidents involve internal student disciplinary actions rather than violent crimes. From 2023 to 2025, the most frequent infraction by a wide margin was disciplinary referrals for liquor law violations, totaling 567 incidents. Outside of alcohol enforcement, documented occurrences across the same three-year period included 35 incidents of stalking and 33 motor vehicle thefts, along with smaller numbers of interpersonal disputes and sexual offenses. For families and students evaluating campus safety in an urban setting, these records show that while student substance conduct accounts for most institutional reports, ordinary personal and property security measures remain necessary.

Notable Alumni

All 60

Notable alumni of Loyola University Chicago include Jennifer Morrison (Actress and director), Bob Newhart (Stand-up comedian and actor) and Mercedes McCambridge (Actress praised by Orson Welles as radio great).

See all 60 notable alumni of Loyola University Chicago →

Recent News at Loyola University Chicago

Summarized daily from the school's official news. Click "Source" for the original story.

4Updates in the past 12 months
Sep 22Latest update
Programs & rankingsMost common topic
  1. Rankings

    Loyola University Chicago rose to #121 nationally in U.S. News & World Report's 2027 Best Colleges rankings, placing in the top third of schools for a ninth consecutive year.

    Source: news.luc.edu
  2. New program

    Loyola University Chicago launched Health Science and Sports Media majors and special education and Master of Nursing graduate programs this year; the nursing program is Illinois's first.

    Source: news.luc.edu
  3. Other

    Loyola University Chicago launched a university-wide Student Success Strategy with four pillars to improve retention, graduation and career outcomes, with ten major projects and ten pilots in 2026–27.

    Source: news.luc.edu
  4. Awards

    Loyola University Chicago celebrated alumnus the Most Reverend Ronald A. Hicks (BA '89) after Pope Leo XIV named him as the new Archbishop of New York on December 18.

    Source: news.luc.edu

Related News

References and Data Sources

Data from IPEDS (U.S. Department of Education), U.S. News, THE, QS, ARWU and Clery Act campus safety reports. Data insights are written by the Forward Pathway data team from public data.